Jurnal MedScientiae

Update in Glaucoma Trabeculoplasty : A Literature Review

2024-11-06T03:16:19+00:00

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that can lead to irreversible blindness, where intraocular pressure (IOP) serves as the only modifiable risk factor for disease control. Among the various treatment modalities, laser trabeculoplasty, especially Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT), has gained popularity as it improves aqueous humor outflow and reduces IOP. This review combines recent studies comparing SLT with other modalities such as Micropulse Laser Trabeculoplasty (MLT) and their clinical outcomes. The purpose of thisliterature review is to highlight the efficacy of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) in managing intraocular pressure (IOP)in glaucoma patients, especially primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), both as first-line therapy and as adjunctive therapy. Literature sources were selected through an internet search using articles in research journal databases on Google Scholar and Pubmed and 30 literatures were selected from these methods. The literature revealed that SLT, as a first-line therapy or adjunct to medical treatment, effectively lowers IOP and can be repeated safely with continued efficacy. In addition, SLT offers an alternative for patients who are unresponsive to topical treatment, providing a non-invasive optionthat may eliminate the need for surgery. This review also examines the role of SLT in long-term glaucoma management, its comparison with newer techniques, and the effectiveness of repeated treatments in maintaining IOP control. Further studies are recommended to validate the long-term outcomes of SLT, especially for various applications and its comparison with newer laser therapies.

Infection in Burn Wound Patient

2024-12-16T06:39:24+00:00

Infection is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in burns. It is known that about 67% of wound swab cultures are positive for bacterial infection. Burn infection occurs when the skin as the first line of defense is disturbed so that it becomes a good ground for bacterial growth. Literature review by searching through electronic databases such as PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar with the keywords. Bacteria that are often found to cause burn infection are Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.95%), Staphylococcus aureus (24.05%), Acinetobacter sp (17.09%), and Klebsiella sp (15.19%). Factors causing infection are age, degree of burn, hospitalization of more than 10 days, drug resistance, and inadequate wound management. The most common pathogen causing burn infection is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, because it can grow in a humid environment. The proper use of definitive antibiotics to fight infection is very important. Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Imipenem, Colistin, and Polymyxin B have high sensitivity to gram-negative bacteria, while Vancomycin and Linezolid are effective against gram-positive bacteria and also in treating MRSA.

Caenorhabditis elegans as an Animal Model for Biological and Biomedical Research

2024-11-22T03:06:56+00:00

Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic nematode, with a transparent body, short life span, self-fertilization ability. C. elegans is easy to be cultured and has been used as an animal model for molecular research, medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology. In addition, C. elegans was the first animal to have its genome completely sequenced and has played a major role in understanding apoptosis and RNA interference. The use of C. elegans as a biological model in environmental toxicology assessments has allowed for the determination of several endpoints. Some of these utilize effects on the biological functions of the nematode and others use molecular markers. Furthermore, C. elegans has enabled the assessment of neurotoxic effects for pesticides and heavy metals, since this nematode has a very well-defined nervous system. Overall, almost every known toxin has been tested in this animal model. In the near future, the knowledge available about the life cycle of C. elegans will allow for more studies on reproduction, transgenerational toxicity for newly developed chemicals and materials, and detailing the signaling pathways involved in the mechanisms of toxicity. C. elegans is an important animal model for research into the identification and understanding of the machinery of nuclear transport. This has helped elucidate biochemical pathways involved in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. C. elegans is an excellent animal model for studying aging because of its short lifespan, susceptibility to oxidative stress, and similarity to the human aging process.

Ethical Review of Hospitals Contributing to Food Waste

2024-11-25T02:23:02+00:00

About a third of the food produced per year is thrown away and becomes food waste, affecting various fields on a global scale. According to Williams and Walton, food waste generated by hospitals is two to three times greater than in other service areas. If this food waste is processed and recycled, it will produce methane and CO2 emissions which will also worsen global warming. The purpose is to review the ethics of hospitals that contribute to food waste. This is a literature study that was carried out using the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases from 2014-2024 with the main keywords "food waste", "hospital", and "ethic", and obtained 17 journals in Indonesian and English. The results showed that vegetables were often the type of food left most in hospitals. Strategies to reduce food waste include attractive presentation, room service systems, and bioconversion innovations with BSF larvae. Indonesia itself has several policies to reduce food waste, but more focused management is still needed. It can be concluded that the main strategies for reducing food waste include improving food presentation, flexible services such as room service, bioconversion with BSF larvae, and recycling. More specific regulations for hospitals are needed in Indonesia

PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WHO WILL UNDERSTAND APPENDICTOMY OPERATION

2024-12-13T02:15:58+00:00

Anxiety is an individual's reaction to unexpected situations that everyone often experiences in life, providing warnings and directing someone to try to protect themselves. The process of surgery or surgery can cause anxiety reactions. This literature review aims to determine the description of anxiety in preoperative appendicitis patients and the factors that can influence the patient's preoperative anxiety level. Research articles in the form of clinical trials and randomized control trials were reviewed using the Google Scholar search engine, using specific keywords such as anxiety AND "preoperative" AND appendectomy AND comparison. A total of five relevant journals based on the purpose of the literature review. The conclusion from this literature review is that methods that can be implemented and are effective in reducing anxiety in pre-appendectomy patients include communication and education, implementation of the finger grip technique. Knowledge of surgical procedures can reduce anxiety. It should be noted in this literature review that the number of responses from each journal is still considered insufficient.

Gene Therapy Revolution: Recent Advances and Modern Biomedical Laboratory Techniques

2024-06-19T10:19:33+00:00

Genetic therapy is a revolutionary innovation in the medical world that aims to treat or prevent diseases through the modification of the patient's genetic material. This literature review examines the latest advances in genetic therapy, including the biomedical laboratory techniques used. Techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, and Prime Editing have provided the ability to modify genes with high precision. Genetic therapy has shown success in various diseases, including monogenic genetic diseases such as hemophilia and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, as well as cancer through Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. Additionally, research shows the potential of genetic therapy in addressing complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as in regenerative treatment for degenerative diseases like Parkinson's. Despite being promising, challenges related to ethics, safety, and accessibility still need to be addressed. Case studies indicate that although there are many successes, there are still obstacles to be overcome to improve the effectiveness and safety of this therapy. This literature review concludes that genetic therapy has great potential to become an important pillar of modern treatment in the future, provided that further research and development are needed to overcome the various existing barriers.

Ethical Dilemmas for Health Workers in Determining the Choice of Medical Actions Based on the Principle of Beneficence (Beneficence) or the Principle of Autonomy (Autonomy)

2024-08-14T04:45:20+00:00

The primary goal of the medical profession is to alleviate suffering and restore health to patients through medical practice. This practice is based on ethics and morals. The principle of beneficence requires doctors to act for the good of the patient, while the principle of autonomy emphasizes the individual's right to make their own decisions. These principles are prima facie obligations that in situations of conflict, must be assessed for their respective weight based on context to determine the best course of action for the patient. The literature review was conducted from the reference source, PubMed. The articles obtained were selected according to the inclusion criteria, and the final result obtained 10 articles. Beneficence and autonomy are key moral duties in bioethics, and the interaction between the two requires careful consideration in determining the best way to act. In some cases, such as the practice of allergy, ethical dilemmas may arise. Deepening the science of ethics and using appropriate communication with soft paternalism are options in the solution of such problems. In medical practice, the principles of beneficence and autonomy often pose dilemmas, especially when the doctor's preference to do good conflicts with the patient's medical decisions, such as in cases of physical restraints, plastic surgery, pediatric patients, and mental patients. Persuasive conversations can help achieve care that meets the patient's goals, without compromising the principles of beneficence and autonomy.

Scientific Review of Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Erdostein, Carbocysteine, And N-Acetylcysteine in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2024-08-14T04:43:30+00:00

Acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a worsening of stable COPD/respiratory symptoms. The 2020 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) shows erdostein, carbocysteine, and n-acetylcysteine can reduce the risk of acute exacerbations in COPD. The aim of this writing is to determine and compare the effectiveness and safety of erdostein, carbocysteine, and n-acetylcysteine in acute exacerbations of COPD. The scientific review takes the form of a literature review by searching for data using books, journals and websites. Sixteen articles were obtained with the results that erdosteine, carbocysteine, and n-acetylcysteine reduced the risk of acute exacerbations of COPD. The best effectiveness results depend on the dose of the drug and the length of use. The best reduction in the risk of exacerbation was oral erdostein, dose 900 mg daily for 10 days (39.1%), Carbocysteine 1500 mg daily for 6-12 months (p < 0.00001) and n-acetylcysteine 1,200 mg/day for 3 months (p<0.05). Erdostein was well tolerated and there were no treatment-related side effects. The frequency of side effects of respiratory tract infections was not detected for erdostein, but for carbocysteine it was found to be 0.56% and NAC 10.85%. Two patients dropped out of the study because of gastrointestinal disturbances related to carbocysteine side effects. The conclusion of this scientific review is that the use of erdostein 900 mg/day for 10 days has the best effectiveness in reducing COPD exacerbations, then carbocysteine 1500 mg/day for 6-12 months, then n-acetylcysteine 1200 mg/day for 3 months.

Effectiveness of Sorafenib Targeted Therapy in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Literature Review

2024-11-29T01:24:03+00:00

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of death in the world. The main cause of liver cancer is the Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C virus which causes patient to experience chronic liver disease which can worsen and develop into liver cancer. Sorafenib targeted therapy can be used to treat patients with advanced liver cancer. This drug can suppress tumor cell proliferation and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. This study aims to determine the benefits of targeted therapy in treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The method used in this study is by searching for articles in electronic databases via the internet using Google Scholar and Pubmed. The results showed that the combination of sorafenib targeted therapy with conventional therapy, such as TACE and radiofrequency ablation, could significantly increase survival rates and time to progression. In conclusion, sorafenib targeted therapy when combined with conventional therapy has higher benefits and effectiveness compared to other therapies. The disadvantage of sorafenib targeted therapy is that it can cause many side effects for the patients.

The Relationship Between Screen Time and the Incidence of Myopia in Children Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Era : a Literature Review

2024-08-20T06:46:22+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic policies, outdoor activity restrictions, and distance learning have significantly impacted the occurrence of myopia in children. These changes are associated with increased screen time, decreased outdoor activities, and insufficient sleep duration, indicating potential long-term effects on myopia prevalence and development. This literature review utilizes articles from research journal databases searched through the internet. The internet databases used include Google Scholar and PubMed, using keywords: "Children," "Epidemiology," "Risk Factor," and "Myopia." Inclusion criteria for this literature are English articles, published within the last 10 years, and research publication types. Exclusion criteria include duplications and articles with only abstracts or without full text. The combined findings of these studies consistently demonstrate that school-age myopia is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with screen time, near work, and urban residence being significant risk factors. The protective role of outdoor activities against myopia is evident in various geographic regions. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this issue, emphasizing the need for interventions focused on reducing screen time and increasing outdoor activities to manage and prevent myopia progression.

Literature Review: Risk of Neck and Head Cancer in Chewing Tobacco Use

2024-11-18T02:39:16+00:00

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal growth of body tissue cells that then turn into cancer cells. Among the many types of cancer, head and neck cancer is one type of cancer that develops around the tissues and organs of the head and neck. Some risk factors that can increase a person's chances of developing head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking, including chewing tobacco. The use of chewed tobacco produces more than 70 carcinogens, such as tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aldehydes, and heavy metals. as the main cause of head and neck cancer. This literature review was made to determine the risk of neck and head cancer in the use of chewing tobacco. The method in making this review literature is in the form of a literature review by collecting several theoretical foundations from various research journals, the internet, and other scientific articles. Collect research journals from various databases for analysis. Journals or articles obtained are the results of searches on Google Scholar, ProQuest and PubMed. The results of this literature review show that there is a significant association between the risk of head cancer and the use of chewing tobacco.

The Effectiveness of Pure Honey as Antioxidant and Gastroprotective in Sprague Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2024-12-05T00:49:38+00:00

Gastritis is a condition where inflammation occurs in the surface lining of the stomach which can be caused by several factors, one of which is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. The most commonly used NSAIDs are aspirin, aspirin at a dose of 600 mg/kg can cause acute damage to the stomach. Honey with 30 ml/day or the equivalent of 2 tablespoons provides a gastroprotective effect or protection and healing for stomach damage because it contains antioxidants which reduce the level of damage to the stomach. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and gastroprotective effectiveness of pure honey in Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley rats induced by oral aspirin. This study used a laboratory experimental method which examined the effectiveness of pure honey as an antioxidant and gastroprotective for 11 days. The subjects used were 25 Rattus norvegicus. The results showed that based on histopathological scores, administration of 0.5 mL/kgBB honey for 4 days in experimental animals could significantly reduce gastric damage induced by aspirin 600 mg/kgBB. However, when viewed from the results of the data on GSH levels, there was no significant effect of giving honey on GSH levels in experimental animals.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus

2024-12-13T02:44:26+00:00

Plants are a source of various types of chemical compounds that have many benefits, one of which is as antibacterial agents. One of the plants known for its antibacterial properties is the moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera). This research aims to determine whether moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) possess antibacterial activity, as well as to identify the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of moringa leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research method uses the dilution method. The results of the research indicate that moringa leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 80%. It was found that as the concentration increases, the antibacterial activity inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus also increases.

Factors Influencing the Level of Fatigue in Government Hospital Nurses

2024-12-16T02:23:57+00:00

The issue of the quality of work of nurses in hospitals is something that needs attention, especially regarding the level of work fatigue by nurses. Work fatigue is a symptom related to work efficiency, skills and increased anxiety. Research shows that work fatigue has a significant impact on work accidents. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the level of fatigue in nurses in government hospitals. This research is a descriptive analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were nurses at government hospitals. In this research, fatigue factors are divided into 3, namely age, gender and length of service. Sampling was carried out using the simple random sampling method. Data collection uses a questionnaire in the form of a Google form. Based on the results, it was found that there was a relationship between factors that influence fatigue and the level of fatigue, p - value <0.005 (0.000).

Prevalence and Relationship between Intestinal Protozoa Infections and Diarrhea Incidents in Kemayoran Regional Hospital in 2020-2021

2024-11-21T04:21:48+00:00

Infeksi protozoa usus masih menjadi permasalahan di dunia, terutama di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia dengan angka prevalensi 10-18%. Infeksi protozoa usus dapat menyebabkan diare pada anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah ingin mengetahui prevalensi dan hubungan protozoa usus pada penderita diare yang dirawat di RSUD Kemayoran Jakarta. Metode penelitian yaitu analitik deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional menggunakan data rekam medik penderita diare pada tahun 2020-2021 di RSUD Kemayoran. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan dari 76 responden didapatkan bahwa kejadian diare di RSUD Kemayoran pada tahun 2020 sampai 2021 paling banyak terjadi pada anak laki laki dengan prevalensi protozoa usus (10,5%). Entamoeba histolytica merupakan protozoa usus yang paling sering menyebabkan diare pada anak. Gejala mual ditemukan sebanyak 5,3%, tanpa dehidrasi sebanyak 6,6% dengan lama rawat 3 hari (9,2%). Hasil uji Fisher menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara infeksi protozoa usus dengan gejala mual yang timbulkan (p=0,044), terdapat hubungan antara infeksi protozoa usus dengan karakteristik tinja yang cair (p=0,048) dan berlendir (p=0,045). Hasil uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara infeksi protozoa usus dengan usia, pekerjaan dan tingkat pendidikan (p=0,000) serta kadar hemoglobin (p=0,013). Kesimpulan terdapat hubungan antara infeksi protozoa usus dengan gejala mual, konsistensi tinja, usia, pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan dan kadar hemoglobin.

Effect of The Addition of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) on Total Phenolic and Antioxidant of Turmeric Infusion (Curcuma domestica Val.)

2024-11-28T02:47:45+00:00

Turmeric is a traditional drink that has been known since ancient times in Indonesia. Turmeric is an herbal ingredient that is efficacious as an antioxidant and is usually combined with tamarind. The added tamarind serves to add to the efficacy of turmeric. In this study, the role of tamarind from sour turmeric drink was replaced with lime fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lime powder on pH, antioxidant activity and total phenol of turmeric infusion. Lime turmeric infusion is made by adding water at 900C for 15 minutes. The lime turmeric infusion solution was then tested for pH, total phenol, and antioxidant levels using the DPPH method. Turmeric infusion without the addition of lime fruit powder has a pH of 4.8, total phenol content of 1.324 ± 0.013 mgGAE/g, and antioxidant of 312.55 ± 0.62 ppm. While the turmeric infusion with the addition of lime has a pH of 3.4, a total phenol content of 1.852 ± 0.004 mgGAE/g, and an antioxidant value of 31.80 ± 1.22 ppm. The addition of lime fruit to turmeric infusion resulted in a decrease in pH, an increase in total phenol levels, and antioxidant levels.

The Perception of Ukrida Medical Students Class of 2020 Towards the Online Learning Process

2024-12-12T00:34:08+00:00

Online learning is leaning that utilizes online media or the internet in learning. The learning process that is carried out online makes students’ psychological and mental activities trained in the environment, which results in a pile of changes in knowledge and understanding, skills and attitude values. Perception is a point of view or understanding of material or information received during learning activities. This study has four operational definitions, namely online learning, problem-based learning, skills lab, and integration. From the results of this study, it was concluded that students have perceptions of online learning satisfaction because students can study anywhere during the pandemic and can understand the material presented by lecturers. Based on the level of achievement of student respondents, they can take part in online learning without affecting the learning process or behavior.

Correlation between Refractive Disorders and Reading Behavior in Student Members of The Nafiri Zion Christian Church Fajar Kemuliaan in 2023

2024-10-21T02:09:26+00:00

Myopia is an eye disorder in which parallel rays coming from an infinite distance are refracted in front of the retina. Astigmatism is an optical condition of the eye, in which parallel rays are not refracted at a single focal point, so that the focus is unclear, vision is blurred and often dizzy. Anisometropia is a difference in refractive error between the two eyes of 1-2 Diopters (D) in one or more meridians. This can cause aniseikonia, namely a difference in shadow both in shape and size that causes difficulty in fusion. Hypermetropia / Hyperopia / farsightedness is a condition of not being able to see close objects clearly, this condition is the opposite of farsightedness (myopia). The symptoms of hypermetropia are similar to presbyopia in the elderly. Research objective is to educate students about visual health. Method is data collection was conducted through anamnesis, visual acuity examination using refraction instruments and distributing questionnaires to students of the Nafiri Sion Fajar Kemuliaan Christian Church aged 12-22 years, totaling 62 people, then diagnosed with refractive disorders. There is a relationship between refractive disorders and students' reading behavior.

Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency in Elementary School-aged Children at School-X Tanjung Duren Selatan 05

2024-06-25T04:59:51+00:00

Color vision deficiency is the inability of the eye to distinguish colors, this can occur both congenitally and acquired. Color vision deficiency can affect a person's quality of life performance and the selection of advanced study programs in children. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characteristics of color vision deficiency in detail in elementary school-age children. This study used a total sampling technique with a cross sectional method with 366 respondents. Data collection was carried out from September to October. In this study, 5.2% (10 people) of respondents experienced color vision deficiency. As many as 2.2% (8 people) of respondents had partial color vision deficiency and 0.5% (2 people) of respondents had color blindness (monochromat). Of the 195 male respondents, 4.6% of them suffered from color vision deficiency while of the 171 female respondents, 0.6% of them suffered from color vision deficiency. Color vision is related to cone cell photoreceptors. Each type of cone cell plays a role in color vision. The prevalence of students with color vision deficiency is 2.7%. In this study it was found that students had partial and total color vision deficiency (monochromat). The most common type of red-green color vision deficiency. The highest prevalence is in male students. It is recommended to the government and schools to carry out a complete eye examination including a color vision examination so that it can support the learning process and the selection of advanced study programs according to the child's condition.

Nursing Care for Patients with Suspect Dengue Fever at Private Hospital in Jakarta City

2024-12-13T04:55:33+00:00

Dengue fever is a disease caused by the dengue virus with symptoms: hyperthermia, joint pain, decreased platelets and leukocytes. However, these symptoms also often occur in viral infections in general, so proper assessment is needed in order to provide appropriate care. This case report is a nursing care for a patient with suspected dengue fever. Nursing care is provided by nursing students for 3 days at a private hospital in Jakarta with government health insurance facilities. Data collection was carried out by interviews, physical examination and diagnostic examination. The diagnosis was found: hyperthermia, acute pain, nausea, and risk of bleeding. In making plans, nurses make plans based on the patient's responses and symptoms. During treatment the leukocytes showed leukopenia which indicated a viral infection. Even though platelet values decrease, they never fall below normal values. The nurse educates the patient not to brush his teeth to prevent gum bleeding. The patient was discharged on the third day of treatment with normal platelet values. Platelet values, which are always within normal limits during the treatment period, cannot confirm that the patient has dengue fever. Nursing care is provided based on the response and symptoms that arise in the patient. Regardless of whether the medical diagnosis confirmed is dengue fever, the nursing process is carried out based on the response or symptoms that appear in the patient.