Jurnal MedScientiae

The Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Elementary School Children at SDN 16 and 17 Duri Kepa, West Jakarta, 2023/2024

Sandra Aparasiba Da Costa — 2025-08-25

Refractive eye disorders are common among elementary school-age children and can affect their quality of life and academic performance. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 153 million people experience vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors, with 70% of blindness in Indonesia caused by this issue. Children with uncorrected refractive errors often struggle to read the blackboard, see learning materials, and experience headaches and eye fatigue. This study aims to determine the prevalence and types of refractive errors in students of SDN 16 and 17 Duri Kepa, West Jakarta. A quantitative cross-sectional study design was used, with examinations conducted using the Snellen Chart and autorefractometer to measure students' visual acuity. Of 601 students, 309 (51.4%) had refractive errors. The most common type of refractive error was a combination of myopia and astigmatism (47.6%). The distribution by gender showed that more females (55.8%) had refractive errors than males (50.7%). The highest prevalence was found in 8-year-old children (21.1%) and 2nd-grade students (26.6%). The importance of routine eye examinations in elementary schools to detect refractive errors early and raise awareness about eye health.

Blood and Plasma Viscosity in Thalassemia Major

Daniela Dirgantari Korwa — 2025-08-25

Background: viscosity or viscosity is a physical property that characterizes the resistance to a fluid flow. Fluids have both Newtonian and non-Newtonian properties. Viscosity is divided into blood and plasma viscosity. One of the pathological conditions that can affect blood and plasma viscosity is thalassemia. Thalassemia is a disorder of imperfect globin chain formation resulting in imperfect erythrocyte formation. In 2021, 10,670 cases of thalassemia were reported. The viscosity value in the thalassemia group currently does not have a definite value. Objective: this study involved 57 people who were divided into a control group and a thalassemia group. The control group samples will undergo 5 cc of venous blood collection for a complete hematology and viscosity examination using a digital neo microcapillary device (NMD), but the thalassemia group samples will be taken from the remaining blood for hematology examination before transfusion and viscosity examination. Data analysis was carried out univariately and bivariately using t – test and Mann Whitney test with p < 0.05.Results: it was found that the thalassemia group had a blood viscosity value of 5.67 ± 1.72 cP and plasma viscosity of 3.29 ± 1.2 cP Conclusion: blood viscosity and plasma viscosity in the thalassemia group were higher compared to controls

The Prevalence of Refractive Errors Using the Lea Symbols Test in Preschool Children in South Tangerang

Abdul Kosin — 2025-08-25

Preschool age is a critical phase in children's visual development. Refractive errors such as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism often go undetected due to limited communication abilities in young children. Early detection is essential to prevent negative impacts on growth and learning achievement. The Lea Symbols Test is an effective visual screening method, especially for children who have not yet learned to read. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence and types of refractive errors in preschool children in Sawah Baru Subdistrict, South Tangerang, using the Lea Symbols Test. Method: This is a descriptive quantitative study using a survey approach. The sample consisted of 123 children aged 3–7 years from three kindergartens in the area. Visual acuity was assessed using the Lea Symbols chart, followed by subjective refraction using trial lenses. Data were analyzed univariately. Results: The findings showed that 38.2% of children had refractive errors in the right eye and 40.7% in the left eye. Myopia was the most common type (17.9%), followed by astigmatism (9.8%) and hypermetropia (8.1%). Most respondents were aged 5–6 years. The Lea Symbols Test proved effective in identifying visual acuity in early childhood. Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive errors in preschool children is relatively high, with myopia being the most common. Routine eye examinations and parental education are essential for early detection and management.

A Prevalence of Refractive Error and Color Vision Caracteristics in Two Elementary School at Kebon Jeruk

Aulia Aslamia — 2025-08-25

Refractive errors and color vision deficiencies are common visual health issues among school-aged children and can negatively affect learning performance and quality of life. Early detection is essential to minimize their academic impact. This study aims to determine the prevalence of refractive errors and the characteristics of color vision among students at two public elementary schools at Kebon Jeruk in 2025. This is a descriptive study using a quantitative approach. Data were collected through visual acuity tests using a Snellen chart and color vision screening using Ishihara test book on students who met the inclusion criteria. Of the 792 students examined, the prevalence of refractive errors was 458 (57.8%). The most common type of refractive error was myopia with astigmatism 203 (25.66%), followed by astigmatism 144 (18.20%), myopia 77 (9.70%), hypermetropia with astigmatism 25 (3.20%) and hypermetropia 9 (1.1%). Meanwhile, color vision deficiencies were found in 16 (2%) , all of whom were male and had protan and deutan types. The prevalence of refractive errors among elementary school students is relatively high, while color vision deficiencies are less common. Based on the research results, regular eye examinations and education about eye health are crucial for early detection and treatment to support students' learning process.

The Stereopsis Ability Based on Corrected Refractive Errors in School-Age Children

Hasan — 2025-08-25

Stereopsis is the highest binocular vision ability which is very important in children's visual development. Especially in supporting the learning process and daily activities. Refractive disorders such as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism that are not properly corrected can inhibit the development of stereopsis. Objective: To determine the stereopsis ability based on the type of refractive disorder that has been corrected in students of SDN 11 Pagi and SDN 17 Kebon Jeruk in 2025. Method: This study used a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 792 students who had their refractive disorders corrected and met the inclusion criteria. Results: Of the total 792 students, 465 students had refractive disorders, with the highest proportion of compound myopic astigmatism (27.9%). This group also showed the highest percentage of subnormal stereopsis (33.5%). In addition, of the 115 students with subnormal conditions, many (51.3%) were accompanied by anisometropia. Conclusion: There are differences in stereopic abilities in children based on corrected refractive errors, groups with a combination of refractive errors accompanied by anisometropia mostly experience subnormal stereopsis. Therefore, it is important to do early detection and correct refractive errors appropriately to support the development of binocular vision and children's learning achievements so that they are maximized.

The Correlation Study Between Accommodative Disorders and Asthenopia Among FKIK UKRIDA Students Class of 2024

Adiansyah Adiansyah — 2025-08-25

Abstract Accommodation is the eye’s ability to adjust focus on objects at varying distances. Disorders in this function, such as accommodative insufficiency or excess, can cause visual symptoms like asthenopia (eye strain), commonly experienced by students involved in prolonged near work. Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between accommodative disorders and asthenopia among FKIK UKRIDA students, class of 2024. Methods: A descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 148 students selected through total sampling. Accommodative disorders were assessed using the RAF Rule following refraction, while asthenopia was measured using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of the 148 students, 89 (60.1%) had accommodative disorders, and 84 (56.8%) experienced asthenopia. Among those with accommodative disorders, 76 (85.4%) also reported asthenopia. The Chi-Square test showed a p-value of 0.000, indicating a statistically significant correlation between accommodative disorders and asthenopia. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between accommodative disorders and asthenopia among FKIK UKRIDA students. Regular eye examinations and visual health education are recommended to prevent and manage visual discomfort in student populations.

The Parents’ Knowledge Level and the Pattern of Vitamin A and Daily Food in Early Childhood

Zulfikar L D — 2025-08-25

Vitamin A deficiency remains a public health issue, particularly among early childhood populations. Night blindness is one of the early consequences of vitamin A deficiency, which can be prevented through adequate nutritional intake. Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children’s eating habits from an early age. Objective of research is to determine the relationship between parents’ knowledge level and the pattern of vitamin A and daily food intake in the prevention of night blindness in early childhood in Sawah Baru Subdistrict. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected through questionnaires and structured interviews with 111 respondents who were parents of children aged 3 to 7 years. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The majority of respondents had a moderate level of knowledge (57.7%), and their children's patterns of vitamin A and daily food intake were also in the moderate category. Statistical tests showed no significant relationship between parents' knowledge level and vitamin A intake patterns (p=0.133) or daily food intake (p=0.848). Parents' knowledge alone is not sufficient to ensure optimal feeding behavior in the prevention of night blindness. Other factors such as family economy and dietary habits also play a role.

The Patient Profile of Glaucoma at Ukrida Hospital West Jakarta

Adolf Finaria — 2025-08-25

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of permanent blindness worldwide and often goes undetected until the advanced stages. Risk factors include advanced age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and refractive errors such as myopia and hypermetropia. Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical profile of glaucoma patients at UKRIDA Hospital, West Jakarta. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from the medical records of glaucoma patients examined at UKRIDA Hospital between July 2024 and March 2025. The variables analyzed included age, gender, systemic diseases, refractive errors, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Results: Most patients were over 70 years old (39.7%) and male (61.6%). A total of 49.3% had systemic diseases, primarily hypertension. The most common refractive error was myopia (45.2%). Elevated IOP was found in 26.0% of right eyes and 31.5% of left eyes. Conclusion: Glaucoma patients at UKRIDA Hospital are predominantly elderly males with risk factors such as hypertension and myopia. The presence of normal IOP in many cases suggests the possibility of normal-tension glaucoma. Broader screening and public education are needed for early detection.

The Prevalence Of Anisometropia In Elementary School Student At Two State Elementary Schools In Kebon Jeruk 2025

Antonius Riyan Dwi Anggoro — 2025-08-25

Anisometropia refers to the difference in refractive power between the left and right eyes. Anisometropia can cause various symptoms, including eye strain, headaches, blurred vision,double vision (diplopia), and decreased depth of vision (stereopsis). Purpose: This study aims to determine the prevalence and distribution ofdistribution of anisometropia in school-age children. Methods: This study used a total sampling technique with a cross-sectional design with a total of 792 respondents. The research was conducted in February 2025. Results: It was found that 314 (39.6%) students experienced anisometropia. A total of 49 students (6.2%) experienced simple myopic anisometropia, 5 students (0.6%) had simple hyperopic anisometropia, 70 students (8.8%) had simple myopic astigmatic anisometropia, 2 students (0.3%) had compound hyperopic astigmatic anisometropia, 175 students (22.1%) had compound myopic astigmatic anisometropia, and 13 students (1.6%) had mixed anisometropia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anisometropia was 314 students (39.6%), mostly occurring in respondents with female gender (21.7%) with age 12-14 years, and the most common type of anisometropia is compound myopic astigmatic anisometropia. this research, it’s hoped that it can increase awareness to the wider community to conduct eye examinations early in order to detect the incidence of anisometropia early, so that children's learning activities can run well.

A Comparison Objective Refraction Results of Autorefractor and Non-Cyclopegic Retinoscope with Subjective at SDN 17 Kebon Jeruk

Dwi Warti — 2025-08-25

Refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment among school-aged children. Early detection is essential, particularly in children who have difficulty providing subjective responses. Objective refraction instruments, such as autorefractors and non-cycloplegic retinoscopes, can be used as alternatives. This study aimed to compare the objective refraction results obtained using an autorefractor and a non-cycloplegic retinoscope, and to determine which instrument provides results most closely aligned with subjective refraction. This cross-sectional study involved 196 students aged 7 to 12 years from SDN 17 Kebon Jeruk. Each participant underwent refractive examinations using all three methods. The spherical equivalent (SE) results were compared within a tolerance of ±0.25 diopters (D) and analyzed using the McNemar test. The findings showed that the non-cycloplegic retinoscope produced results significantly closer to subjective refraction (p < 0.001), with agreement rates of 83.7% in the right eye and 87.2% in the left eye. In comparison, the autorefractor showed agreement rates of 55.6% and 62.8%, respectively. The SE differences with the retinoscope were also smaller and more consistent. In conclusion, the non-cycloplegic retinoscope provides refractive values that are more comparable to subjective results than the autorefractor, making it a more recommended instrument for refractive screening in elementary school children.

Fosfomycin Sensitivity In UTI Due To ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Infection In Patients At X Hospital In 2023

William Dharma Wijaya — 2025-08-25

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in humans. However, intensive and extensive use and misuse of antibiotics over the past 50 years such as in the use of carbapenems, resistance to antibiotics increased dramatically in recent years, especially in Enterobacteriaceae. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of fosfomycin as an drug option in treating UTI due to Extended-spectrum-β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. This study is an analytical descriptive study with a cross-sectional observational design, by looking at the sensitivity pattern of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae causing UTI at a certain point in time. This study used secondary data in the form of microbiology laboratory results at Hospital X in 2023. The results showed that ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections were dominantly found Escherichia coli (79.41%). The level of fosfomycin sensitivity to non-ESBL-producing and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is very good and there are no significant differences in the results of the use of fosfomycin in urinary tract infections due to non-ESBL-producing and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, with the percentage being (91.31%) and (91.17%). Thus fosfomycin can be a drug option in treating UTI due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Low Back Pain (LBP) Complaints in Convection Tailors Pademangan North

Susanty Dewi Winata — 2025-08-25

Low back pain is a disorder of the musculoskeletal system caused by ergonomic exposure, including improper work posture, sitting too long, and excessive activity. Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between work posture, age, length of service, gender, body mass index, last level of education, and smoking habits with LBP complaints in garment sewing workers in the Pademangan area, North Jakarta, in 2024. The research design used in this study was cross-sectional and took place in November 2024. Individual characteristics, job information, and LBP complaints were obtained from the Nordic Questionnaire about lower back problems, while the respondents' work postures were obtained using RULA (Rapid Upper Extremity Assessment). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test method. A total of 44 respondents (58.7%) showed unergonomic work postures based on the RULA score, and 37 respondents (49.3%) reported LBP complaints. The results of the analysis found a significant relationship between length of service and LBP complaints. Respondents with more than 5 years of work experience tend to experience LBP complaints more often than respondents with less than 5 years of work experience. Ergonomic work posture control is essential to prevent and reduce LBP complaints.

Effectiveness of Toilet Seat Sanitizer Against Escherichia coli Producers of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase

Donna Mesina Pasaribu — 2025-08-25

The toilet is one of the facilities provided to meet the needs of users with various backgrounds of different hygiene behavior, so that they can be a source of bacterial transmission, one of which is Escherichia coli (E.coli), which is resistant to producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL). E.coli producing ESBL can cause infection of various diseases, to overcome this, preventive measures are taken to reduce the level of risk transmission through the use of toilet seat sanitizers. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of toilet seat sanitizer against E.coli producing ESBL. This research is a descriptive observational laboratory study using a toilet seat sanitizer with an active substance of 50%-Benzalkonium Chloride and Ethyl Alcohol 96% against E.coli producing ESBL American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 35218. The phenol coefficient test was used to measure the effectiveness of the toilet seat sanitizer was compared with phenol, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were tested using the tube method. This study showed that the coefficient of toilet seat sanitizer effective against E.coli producing ESBL was 4,5. MIC active substance toilet seat sanitizer is effective at a concentration of 0,3125%, and MBC at a concentration of 0,625%. The author concludes that the results of the MIC and MBC prove that a toilet seat sanitizer active substances 50%-Benzalkonium Chloride and Ethyl Alcohol 96% is effective as a disinfectant against E.coli producing ESBL ATCC 35218.

The Effect of Physical Activity on Reaction Time Speed in the 2023 UKRIDA Futsal Student Activity Unit

Aneta Almira Yazmin — 2025-08-25

Reaction time is the duration between an individual receiving a stimulus and the formation of a motor response to that stimulus. One effective method to enhance reaction time is through regular physical activity. Exercise has the potential to increase blood and oxygen flow to skeletal muscles and the brain which can affect a person's reaction time. This study aims to determine the average reaction time before and after physical activity and explore the influence of reaction time on the amount of exercise among respondents. The research adopts a quantitative experimental approach with a one-group pre and post-test design. The total sampling method involves 36 respondents who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings, analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with p=0.00 (p>0.05), indicate a significant impact of physical activity on the reaction time speed in the student futsal unit of the Faculty of Medicine at Kristen Krida Wacana University in 2023. This research serves as a reference for the community, highlighting the importance of regular physical exercise to improve reaction time. A faster reaction time enables individuals to respond more efficiently and make accurate decisions in a short period during various activities.

Predictors of Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients at Hospital X, Jakarta (2023–2024)

Ristha Monica Rante Tiku — 2025-08-25

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of death from heart disease worldwide. Several studies have identified risk factors that increase mortality among ACS patients, including advanced age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. This study aims to evaluate the association between these risk factors and mortality in ACS patients at Hospital X Jakarta between September 2023 and September 2024. Contains This study used a retrospective cohort design with analysis of medical record data of patients with ACS. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests to determine the association of age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease with mortality in patients with ACS. Contains A total of 84 patients with a mean age of 59.49 years met the study criteria. The majority of patients had NSTEMI (61.9%) and 56% had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mortality occurred in 4.8% of the patients. The results of the analysis showed that advanced age (≥60 years) was significantly associated with mortality in SCA patients (p=0.047; RR=4.50). Chronic kidney disease was also significantly associated with mortality (p=0.011; RR=8.16). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus did not show a significant association with mortality (p=0.092). Advanced age and chronic kidney disease were significant predictors of mortality in patients with ACS, whereas type 2 diabetes mellitus was not significantly associated with mortality.

Prevalence of Accommodation Insufficiency among UKRIDA Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Students Batch 2023

Vincentio Owen Gosali — 2025-08-25

Accommodation insufficiency is an accommodation disorder characterized by a lower accommodation amplitude than the minimum limit of the Hofstetter formula. Symptoms of accommodation are impaired near vision, asthenopia (eye fatigue), blur, headache, and visual discomfort. This study aims to determine the prevalence of accommodation insufficiency in FKIK UKRIDA students class of 2023. This study used descriptive quantitative research method and cross sectional research design with 150 respondents. Each subject was only observed once at the same time using the RAF Rule as a measuring instrument. Data collection was carried out from September to November. The prevalence of accommodation insufficiency in FKIK UKRIDA Batch 2023 students amounted to 2 people (1.3%) in both eyes, 6 people (4%) in the left eye, and 2 people (1.3%) in the right eye. Accommodation disorders can be influenced by age and refraction. The prevalence of accommodation insufficiency in FKIK UKRIDA students of 2023 is 1.3%. The highest number who experienced accommodation insufficiency was in the left eye, which was 4%. It is recommended that people pay more attention to their eye health by conducting routine eye examinations every 6 months-1 year.

The Prevalence Rate Of Anisometropia Among Students Of FKIK Ukrida Class 2023

Dafa Zahara Ramadhan — 2025-08-25

Anisometropia is a different refractive power between the two eyes. Anisometropia can cause various symptoms, such as eye fatigue, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia (double vision), and decreased depth of vision (stereopsis). This will definitely interfere with learning activities, especially in college students. Purpose: This study aims to determine the prevalence and characteristics of anisometropia in university students. Methods: This study used total sampling technique with cross sectional method with 150 patients as respondents. Data collection time in this study was conducted from August 2023 to September 2023. Results: In this study as many as 66.7% (100 people) experienced anisometropia. A total of 12.7% (19 people) experienced simple myopic anisometropia, as many as 2% (3 people) experienced simple hypermetropic anisometropia, as many as 8% (12 people) experienced simple myopic astigmatism, as many as 12% (18 people) experienced compound myopic anisometropia, as many as 31.3% (47 people) experienced compound myopic astigmatism anisometropia, as many as 7% (1 person) experienced mixed anisometropia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anisometropia in this study was 66.7% (100 people). The most common type of anisometropia in this study is compound myopic astigmatism. From this study, it is hoped that it can increase public awareness to carry out sharp vision checks early on, so that learning activities can be more effective.

Overview of Anxiety Levels With Exam Grades in The Class of 2021 Students of Faculty of Medicine Ukrida Jakarta 2024

Roy Saputra — 2025-08-25

Faculty of Medicine students spend more time of education than other faculties students, so it is more demanding academically and emotionally and are known to experience a fairly high incidence of psychological distress. This distress has an impact on academic performance and confidence of the students. This study aims to find out the overview of anxiety with exam grades experienced by students of the Faculty of Medicine class of 2021. This study uses a descriptive observational method. Primary data was obtained from a questionnaire with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating scale, with the number of samples required amounting to 59 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the data obtained, the majority of respindents prepared themselves the day before the exam, in the first and second exams, the majority of respondents did not experience anxiety, but at the same time, the failure rate was more than 50% with the main factor of anxiety being the exam materials that were too difficult and/or lack of time to study. There has been an increase in grades from the first, second and the herr of Integration exams. In the Skills Lab Exam, 71% respondents did not experience anxiety with failure rate of 5% of the total respondents, with the main factor of anxiety being the examiner factor. It was concluded in this study that anxiety did not have a significant impact on the exam results.

The Relationship of Psoriasis with Systemic Comorbidities: A Literature Review

Hendra Wijaya Wong — 2025-08-25

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that not only affects the skin, but is also closely related to various systemic comorbidities. This literature review aims to examine the relationship between psoriasis and systemic comorbidities based on various recent studies. Methodology: Literature reviews made based on articles and journals are adjusted to the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Journals were searched in medical databases through Pubmed, Google Scholar, Neliti, and Cochrane Library, using the keywords "psoriasis", "systemic comorbidity", "hypertension", "obesity", "diabetes mellitus", "coronary artery disease", "dyslipidemia" and "stroke". Results: From the 12 selected journals, it was found that systemic comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia and stroke were related to psoriasis. Psoriasis patients have a higher risk of experiencing these comorbidities compared to the general population, especially in cases with moderate to severe severity. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that psoriasis patients have a higher risk of experiencing comorbidities. Therefore, psoriasis should be viewed as a systemic disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach in management to reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life of patients. Further research is needed to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies for comorbidities in psoriasis patients.

Keywords: psoriasis, systemic comorbidity, metabolic syndrome

Literature Review: Correlation of Diet with Colorectal Cancer Disease

Firman Riscky Mansyur — 2025-08-25

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Referring to GLOBOCAN data, in general colorectal cancer is the third highest incidence of cancer after lung cancer and breast cancer. This is attributed to the diet that affects colorectal cancer. Most colorectal cancer are still closely related to genetics. In addition to genetic factors, food intake factors also closely related to colorectal cancer. Current research shows colorectal cancer occurs due to genetic mutations and inflammatory bowel disease. This literature review uses a Literature review design using a search method with a library of research articles or journals through PubMed and other journal sources. The results of the literature review are associated with dietary pattern that affect colorectal cancer, red mead intake is related to the growth of colorectal cancer, while high fiber food can help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

Recent Literature Review The Role of Omega 3 in Dry Eye

Santi Anugrahsari — 2025-08-25

Dry eye disease (DED) or dry eye disease is a common condition in every country. Dry eyes can cause symptoms such as discomfort or a cycling sensation, red eyes and a feeling of blockage. Inflammation is one of the underlying pathophysiology of dry eyes. One of the therapeutic approaches that has received major attention is the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are known to have anti-inflammatory properties and can support eye health. Recent studies have shown that omega-3, especially EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), can improve tear quality, improve meibomian gland function, and increase tear production in people with dry eyes. In addition, omega-3 also plays a role in reducing symptoms of dry eyes, although several studies have shown significant results, but the effectiveness of omega-3 in managing dry eyes still requires further research, especially in determining the optimal dose and duration of therapy. This literature review aims to review the latest developments related to the role of omega-3 in dry eye therapy and explore the underlying effects of omega-3 on dry eyes. Further research is expected to provide stronger evidence regarding the role of omega-3 in dry eye therapy.

Rationality of Benzodiazepines by Doctors Over the Past 10 Years: A Literature Review

Lilie Anughrahani — 2025-08-25

Mental disorders have become a common problem globally. The World Health Organization shows that more than one in six people experienced mental health problems in 2016. Benzodiazepines, a drug that has been on the market since 1957, are often used to treat mental and behavior-related problems. Although effective for certain conditions, long-term use of benzodiazepines can cause significant side effects. Health regulations and guidelines suggest that treatment with benzodiazepines should be carried out rationally with reference to the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2021 concerning the National Formulary. This literature aims to conduct a review to evaluate the rationality of the use of benzodiazepines by doctors in various countries over the past ten years. The method in this study is to search for articles through Google Scholar and Pubmed. The results obtained were that benzodiazepines are generally used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. The maximum dose, which is according to the national formulary and the Food and Drug Administration, does not have a significant difference. Challenges that need to be addressed involve aspects of prescribing, such as ensuring the recipe is in accordance with the right indications, adhering to dosage restrictions, and paying attention to the maximum duration of use. Therefore, there needs to be clear rules to regulate this, supported by active socialization efforts to increase doctors' understanding and compliance with more rational prescribing practices.