Minyak Kayu Putih, Obat Alami dengan Banyak Khasiat: Tinjauan Sistematik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v26i2.1843Keywords:
Eucaliptol, saluran nafas, 1,8-Sineol, khasiatAbstract
Minyak kayu putih adalah salah satu obat tradisional yang digunakan untuk penyakit saluran nafas seperti asma, sinusitis, dan paru-paru. Eucalyptol atau 1,8-sineol merupakan bahan aktif dari minyak kayuputih biasa digunakan untuk mengobati peradangan saluran nafas. Penelitian secara in vitro maupun in vivo menunjukkan bahwa 1,8-sineol memperlihatkan banyak khasiat. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengulas secara sistimatik dan komprehensif dari pustaka tentang kegunaan dari 1,8-sineol sebagai bahan obat untuk berbagai penyakit. Pustaka dikumpulkan melalui Pub Med dan Google Scholar sampai dengan tanggal 27 Mei 2020, dengan kata kunci : 1,8-cineole, eucalyptol, respiratory, medicinal properties. Dari penelusuran literatur didapatkan 116 jurnal dari PubMed dan 51 jurnal dari Google Scholar, dan setelah duplikasi dihilangkan didapat 49 artikel untuk diulas. 1,8-Sineol bermanfaat untuk: a) anti inflamasi saluran nafas, b) anti inflamasi, c) anti mikroba, d) anti virus, e) anti kanker, f) anti spasmodik, g) analgesik, h) obat penenang, i) hipertensi, j) farmakokinetik. Uji in vitro maupun in vivo menunjukkan bahwa 1,8-sineol memiliki banyak manfaat terhadap kesehatan. Untuk memperkuatnya diperlukan uji klinik pada manusia agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat.
References
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3. Damjanović-Vratnica B, Dakov T, Šuković D, Damjanović J. Antimicrobial effect of essential oil isolated from Eucalyptus globulus labill. from Montenegro. Czech J Food Sci. 2011;29(3):277–84.
4. Efruan GK, Martosupono M, Rondonuwu FS. Bioaktifitas senyawa 1 , 8-sineol pada minyak atsiri. Semin Nas Pendidik dan Saintek 2016 (ISSN 2557-533X). 2016;2016:171–81.
5. Nadjib BM, Amine FM, Abdelkrim K, Fairouz S, Maamar M. Liquid and vapour phase antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil = Susceptibility of selected respiratory tract pathogens. Am J Infect Dis. 2014;10(3):105–17.
6. Alnamer R, Alaoui K, Bouidida EH, Benjouad A. Psychostimulant activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils. J Nat Prod. 2012;5:83–92.
7. Riyanto R. Minyak atsiri sebagai bahan aktif konservasi benda cagar budaya. J Konserv Cagar Budaya. 2014;8(2):4–10.
8. Rustaiyan A, Tabatabaei-Anaraki M, Kazemi M, Masoudi S, Makipour P. Chemical composition of essential oil of three artemisia species growing wild in iran: artemisia kermanensis podl., A. kopetdaghensis Krasch., M.Pop et Lincz. ex Poljak., and A. haussknechtii Boiss. J Essent Oil Res. 2009;21(5):410–3.
9. Sudhoff H, Klenke C, Greiner JFW, Müller J, Brotzmann V, Ebmeyer J, et al. 1,8-Cineol reduces mucus-production in a novel human ex vivo model of late rhinosinusitis. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133040.
10. Zhao C, Sun J, Fang C, Tang F. 1,8-cineol attenuates LPS-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Inflammation. 2014 Apr;37(2):566–72.
11. Li Y, et al. 1, 8-Cineol protect against influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice. Inflammation. 2016 Aug;39(4):1582–93.
12. Quintans JSS, et al. Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2019;123:233–57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.058
13. Yu N, Sun Y-T, Su X-M, He M, Dai B, Kang J. Treatment with eucalyptol mitigates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury through suppressing ICAM-1 gene expression. Biosci Rep. 2018 Aug;38(4).
14. Kim KY, Lee HS, Seol GH. Eucalyptol suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to exert anti-inflammatory effects in an acute lung inflammation model. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015 Aug;67(8):1066–74.
15. Pereira-Gonçalves Á, et al. 1,8-Cineole blocks voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in tracheal smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch. 2018 Dec;470(12):1803–13.
16. Li Y, Xu Y-L, Lai Y-N, Liao S-H, Liu N, Xu P-P. Intranasal co-administration of 1,8-cineole with influenza vaccine provide cross-protection against influenza virus infection. Phytomedicine. 2017 Oct;34:127–35.
17. Juergens LJ, Racké K, Tuleta I, Stoeber M, Juergens UR. Anti-inflammatory effects of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) improve glucocorticoid effects in vitro: A novel approach of steroid-sparing add-on therapy for COPD and asthma? Synergy [Internet]. 2017;5:1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synres.2017.08.001
18. Lima PR, et al. 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis via modulation of cytokines, oxidative stress and NF-κB activity in mice. Life Sci. 2013 Jul;92(24–26):1195–201.
19. Khan A, et al. 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) mitigates inflammation in amyloid beta toxicated PC12 cells: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2014 Feb;39(2):344–52.
20. Porres-Martínez M, González-Burgos E, Carretero ME, Gómez-Serranillos MP. In vitro neuroprotective potential of the monoterpenes α-pinene and 1,8-cineole against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Z Naturforsch C. 2016;71(7–8):191–9.
21. Elaissi A, et al. Chemical composition of 8 eucalyptus species ’ essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial , antifungal and antiviral activities. BMC Complement Altern Med [Internet]. 2012;12(1):1. Available from: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
22. Essential Oil of Eucalyptus Gunnii Hook. As a novel source of antioxidant, antimutagenic and antibacterial agents. Molecules. 2014;19:19007–20.
23. Sebei K, Sakouhi F, Herchi W, Khouja ML, Boukhchina S. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biol Res. 2015 Jan;48(1):7.
24. Sharma AD, Kaur I. Eucalyptol (1,8 cineole) from eucalyptus essential oil a potential inhibitor of COVID 19 corona virus infection by molecular docking studiesE. 2020;(March). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0455.v1
25. Rout J, Swain BC, Tripathy U. In silico investigation of spice molecules as potent inhibitor of SARS - CoV - 2. Available from: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/preprint/In_Silico_Investigation_of_Spice_Molecules_as_Potent_Inhibitor_of_SARS-CoV-2/12323615/1
26. Silva JKR, Figueiredo PLB, Byler KG, Setzer WN. Essential oils as antiviral agents. potential of essential oils to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection: An in-silico investigation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May;21(10).
27. Astani A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P. Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytother Res. 2010 May;24(5):673–9.
28. Müller J, et al. 1,8-Cineole potentiates IRF3-mediated antiviral response in human stem cells and in an ex vivo model of rhinosinusitis. Clin Sci. 2016;130(15):1339–52.
29. Yang Z, et al. Anti-infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) activity of 1,8-cineole: effect on nucleocapsid (N) protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2010 Dec;28(3):323–30.
30. Nikolić B, Vasilijević B, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Vuković-Gačić B, Knežević-Vukćević J. Comparative study of genotoxic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic activities of monoterpenes camphor, eucalyptol and thujone in bacteria and mammalian cells. Chem Biol Interact [Internet]. 2015;242:263–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.012
31. Sampath S, Subramani S, Janardhanam S, Subramani P, Yuvaraj A, Chellan R. Bioactive compound 1,8-Cineole selectively induces G2/M arrest in A431 cells through the upregulation of the p53 signaling pathway and molecular docking studies. Phytomedicine [Internet]. 2018;46:57–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.007
32. Sun Q, Zhou M, Zuo Z. Toxic mechanism of eucalyptol and β-cyclocitral on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by inducing programmed cell death. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2020;389(September):121910. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121910
33. Dörsam B, Wu CF, Efferth T, Kaina B, Fahrer J. The eucalyptus oil ingredient 1,8-cineol induces oxidative DNA damage. Arch Toxicol. 2015;89(5):797–805.
34. Murata S, et al. Antitumor effect of 1, 8-cineole against colon cancer. Oncol Rep. 2013 Dec;30(6):2647–52.
35. Kheder DA, Al-habib OAM, Gilardoni G. Components of volatile fractions from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves from Iraqi – Kurdistan and their potent spasmolytic effects. Molecules. 2020;25(4): 804. doi: 10.3390/molecules25040
36. Beer. AM, Sagorchev P, Lukanov J. Effects of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) on the activity of human bronchial tissue. Open Journal of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine. 2019;12–22. https://doi.org/10.36811/ojprm.2019.110004
37. Zheng X bo, et al. Effects of 1,8-cineole on neuropathic pain mediated by P2X2 receptor in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019;9(1):1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44282-4
38. Ryu S, Park H, Seol GH e., Choi IY. 1,8-Cineole ameliorates oxygen-glucose deprivation /reoxygenation-induced ischaemic injury by reducing oxidative stress in rat cortical neuron/glia. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;66(12):1818–26.
39. Yin C, Liu B, Wang P, Li X alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis., Li Y, Zheng X, et al. Eucalyptol alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 May;177(9):2042–57.
40. Jun YS, Kang P, Min SS, Lee J, Kim H, Seol GH. Effect of eucalyptus oil inhalation on pain and inflammatory responses after total knee replacement : A randomized clinical trial. 2013;2013.
41. Ceremuga,TE et al. Investigation of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of eucalyptol, AANA Journal, August 2017. 2017;85(4):277–84.
42. Kim KY, Seo HJ, Min SS, Park M, Seol GH. The Effect of 1 , 8-cineole inhalation on preoperative anxiety : A randomized clinical trial. 2014;2014.
43. Moon HK, Kang P, Lee HS, Min SS, Seol GH. Effects of 1,8-cineole on hypertension induced by chronic exposure to nicotine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;66(5):688–93.
44. Lahlou S, Figueiredo AF, Magalhães PJC, Leal-Cardoso JH. Cardiovascular effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;80(12):1125–31.
45. Beauchamp J, Kirsch F, Buettner A. Real-time breath gas analysis for pharmacokinetics: monitoring exhaled breath by on-line proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry after ingestion of eucalyptol-containing capsules. J Breath Res. 2010 Jun;4(2):26006.
46. Schaffarczyk M, Balaban TS, Rychlik M, Buettner A. Syntheses of chiral 1,8-cineole metabolites and determination of their enantiomeric composition in human urine after ingestion of 1,8-cineole- containing capsules. Chempluschem. 2013;78(1):77–85.
47. Horst K, Rychlik M. Quantification of 1,8-cineole and of its metabolites in humans using stable isotope dilution assays. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Oct;54(10):1515–29.
48. Muchtaridi M, Tjiraresmi A, Febriyanti R. Analysis of active compounds in blood plasma of mice after inhalation of cajuput essential oil (Melaleuca leucadendron L.). Indones J Pharm. 2016;26(4):219.
49. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Assessment report on Eucalytus globulus labil., Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker and/or Eucalyptus smithii R.T. Baker, aetheroleum. London, United Kingdom, European Medicines Agency. 2014.
2. Irvan, Putra B. Manday, Januar Sasmitra. Ekstraksi 1,8-cineole dari minyak daun Eucalyptus urophylla dengan metode soxhletasi. J Tek Kim USU. 2015;4(3):52–7.
3. Damjanović-Vratnica B, Dakov T, Šuković D, Damjanović J. Antimicrobial effect of essential oil isolated from Eucalyptus globulus labill. from Montenegro. Czech J Food Sci. 2011;29(3):277–84.
4. Efruan GK, Martosupono M, Rondonuwu FS. Bioaktifitas senyawa 1 , 8-sineol pada minyak atsiri. Semin Nas Pendidik dan Saintek 2016 (ISSN 2557-533X). 2016;2016:171–81.
5. Nadjib BM, Amine FM, Abdelkrim K, Fairouz S, Maamar M. Liquid and vapour phase antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil = Susceptibility of selected respiratory tract pathogens. Am J Infect Dis. 2014;10(3):105–17.
6. Alnamer R, Alaoui K, Bouidida EH, Benjouad A. Psychostimulant activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils. J Nat Prod. 2012;5:83–92.
7. Riyanto R. Minyak atsiri sebagai bahan aktif konservasi benda cagar budaya. J Konserv Cagar Budaya. 2014;8(2):4–10.
8. Rustaiyan A, Tabatabaei-Anaraki M, Kazemi M, Masoudi S, Makipour P. Chemical composition of essential oil of three artemisia species growing wild in iran: artemisia kermanensis podl., A. kopetdaghensis Krasch., M.Pop et Lincz. ex Poljak., and A. haussknechtii Boiss. J Essent Oil Res. 2009;21(5):410–3.
9. Sudhoff H, Klenke C, Greiner JFW, Müller J, Brotzmann V, Ebmeyer J, et al. 1,8-Cineol reduces mucus-production in a novel human ex vivo model of late rhinosinusitis. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133040.
10. Zhao C, Sun J, Fang C, Tang F. 1,8-cineol attenuates LPS-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Inflammation. 2014 Apr;37(2):566–72.
11. Li Y, et al. 1, 8-Cineol protect against influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice. Inflammation. 2016 Aug;39(4):1582–93.
12. Quintans JSS, et al. Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2019;123:233–57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.058
13. Yu N, Sun Y-T, Su X-M, He M, Dai B, Kang J. Treatment with eucalyptol mitigates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury through suppressing ICAM-1 gene expression. Biosci Rep. 2018 Aug;38(4).
14. Kim KY, Lee HS, Seol GH. Eucalyptol suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to exert anti-inflammatory effects in an acute lung inflammation model. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015 Aug;67(8):1066–74.
15. Pereira-Gonçalves Á, et al. 1,8-Cineole blocks voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in tracheal smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch. 2018 Dec;470(12):1803–13.
16. Li Y, Xu Y-L, Lai Y-N, Liao S-H, Liu N, Xu P-P. Intranasal co-administration of 1,8-cineole with influenza vaccine provide cross-protection against influenza virus infection. Phytomedicine. 2017 Oct;34:127–35.
17. Juergens LJ, Racké K, Tuleta I, Stoeber M, Juergens UR. Anti-inflammatory effects of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) improve glucocorticoid effects in vitro: A novel approach of steroid-sparing add-on therapy for COPD and asthma? Synergy [Internet]. 2017;5:1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synres.2017.08.001
18. Lima PR, et al. 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis via modulation of cytokines, oxidative stress and NF-κB activity in mice. Life Sci. 2013 Jul;92(24–26):1195–201.
19. Khan A, et al. 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) mitigates inflammation in amyloid beta toxicated PC12 cells: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2014 Feb;39(2):344–52.
20. Porres-Martínez M, González-Burgos E, Carretero ME, Gómez-Serranillos MP. In vitro neuroprotective potential of the monoterpenes α-pinene and 1,8-cineole against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Z Naturforsch C. 2016;71(7–8):191–9.
21. Elaissi A, et al. Chemical composition of 8 eucalyptus species ’ essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial , antifungal and antiviral activities. BMC Complement Altern Med [Internet]. 2012;12(1):1. Available from: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
22. Essential Oil of Eucalyptus Gunnii Hook. As a novel source of antioxidant, antimutagenic and antibacterial agents. Molecules. 2014;19:19007–20.
23. Sebei K, Sakouhi F, Herchi W, Khouja ML, Boukhchina S. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biol Res. 2015 Jan;48(1):7.
24. Sharma AD, Kaur I. Eucalyptol (1,8 cineole) from eucalyptus essential oil a potential inhibitor of COVID 19 corona virus infection by molecular docking studiesE. 2020;(March). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0455.v1
25. Rout J, Swain BC, Tripathy U. In silico investigation of spice molecules as potent inhibitor of SARS - CoV - 2. Available from: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/preprint/In_Silico_Investigation_of_Spice_Molecules_as_Potent_Inhibitor_of_SARS-CoV-2/12323615/1
26. Silva JKR, Figueiredo PLB, Byler KG, Setzer WN. Essential oils as antiviral agents. potential of essential oils to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection: An in-silico investigation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May;21(10).
27. Astani A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P. Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytother Res. 2010 May;24(5):673–9.
28. Müller J, et al. 1,8-Cineole potentiates IRF3-mediated antiviral response in human stem cells and in an ex vivo model of rhinosinusitis. Clin Sci. 2016;130(15):1339–52.
29. Yang Z, et al. Anti-infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) activity of 1,8-cineole: effect on nucleocapsid (N) protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2010 Dec;28(3):323–30.
30. Nikolić B, Vasilijević B, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Vuković-Gačić B, Knežević-Vukćević J. Comparative study of genotoxic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic activities of monoterpenes camphor, eucalyptol and thujone in bacteria and mammalian cells. Chem Biol Interact [Internet]. 2015;242:263–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.012
31. Sampath S, Subramani S, Janardhanam S, Subramani P, Yuvaraj A, Chellan R. Bioactive compound 1,8-Cineole selectively induces G2/M arrest in A431 cells through the upregulation of the p53 signaling pathway and molecular docking studies. Phytomedicine [Internet]. 2018;46:57–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.007
32. Sun Q, Zhou M, Zuo Z. Toxic mechanism of eucalyptol and β-cyclocitral on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by inducing programmed cell death. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2020;389(September):121910. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121910
33. Dörsam B, Wu CF, Efferth T, Kaina B, Fahrer J. The eucalyptus oil ingredient 1,8-cineol induces oxidative DNA damage. Arch Toxicol. 2015;89(5):797–805.
34. Murata S, et al. Antitumor effect of 1, 8-cineole against colon cancer. Oncol Rep. 2013 Dec;30(6):2647–52.
35. Kheder DA, Al-habib OAM, Gilardoni G. Components of volatile fractions from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves from Iraqi – Kurdistan and their potent spasmolytic effects. Molecules. 2020;25(4): 804. doi: 10.3390/molecules25040
36. Beer. AM, Sagorchev P, Lukanov J. Effects of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) on the activity of human bronchial tissue. Open Journal of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine. 2019;12–22. https://doi.org/10.36811/ojprm.2019.110004
37. Zheng X bo, et al. Effects of 1,8-cineole on neuropathic pain mediated by P2X2 receptor in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2019;9(1):1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44282-4
38. Ryu S, Park H, Seol GH e., Choi IY. 1,8-Cineole ameliorates oxygen-glucose deprivation /reoxygenation-induced ischaemic injury by reducing oxidative stress in rat cortical neuron/glia. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;66(12):1818–26.
39. Yin C, Liu B, Wang P, Li X alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis., Li Y, Zheng X, et al. Eucalyptol alleviates inflammation and pain responses in a mouse model of gout arthritis. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 May;177(9):2042–57.
40. Jun YS, Kang P, Min SS, Lee J, Kim H, Seol GH. Effect of eucalyptus oil inhalation on pain and inflammatory responses after total knee replacement : A randomized clinical trial. 2013;2013.
41. Ceremuga,TE et al. Investigation of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of eucalyptol, AANA Journal, August 2017. 2017;85(4):277–84.
42. Kim KY, Seo HJ, Min SS, Park M, Seol GH. The Effect of 1 , 8-cineole inhalation on preoperative anxiety : A randomized clinical trial. 2014;2014.
43. Moon HK, Kang P, Lee HS, Min SS, Seol GH. Effects of 1,8-cineole on hypertension induced by chronic exposure to nicotine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;66(5):688–93.
44. Lahlou S, Figueiredo AF, Magalhães PJC, Leal-Cardoso JH. Cardiovascular effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;80(12):1125–31.
45. Beauchamp J, Kirsch F, Buettner A. Real-time breath gas analysis for pharmacokinetics: monitoring exhaled breath by on-line proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry after ingestion of eucalyptol-containing capsules. J Breath Res. 2010 Jun;4(2):26006.
46. Schaffarczyk M, Balaban TS, Rychlik M, Buettner A. Syntheses of chiral 1,8-cineole metabolites and determination of their enantiomeric composition in human urine after ingestion of 1,8-cineole- containing capsules. Chempluschem. 2013;78(1):77–85.
47. Horst K, Rychlik M. Quantification of 1,8-cineole and of its metabolites in humans using stable isotope dilution assays. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Oct;54(10):1515–29.
48. Muchtaridi M, Tjiraresmi A, Febriyanti R. Analysis of active compounds in blood plasma of mice after inhalation of cajuput essential oil (Melaleuca leucadendron L.). Indones J Pharm. 2016;26(4):219.
49. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Assessment report on Eucalytus globulus labil., Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker and/or Eucalyptus smithii R.T. Baker, aetheroleum. London, United Kingdom, European Medicines Agency. 2014.
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Published
2020-08-05
How to Cite
Sudradjat, S. E. (2020). Minyak Kayu Putih, Obat Alami dengan Banyak Khasiat: Tinjauan Sistematik. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 26(2), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v26i2.1843
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