Biomonitoring Pajanan Pestisida Organofosfat pada Pekerja Pertanian
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v27i1.1967Keywords:
biomarker of exposure, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, paraoxonase-1, toxicityAbstract
Untuk mengendalikan organisme pengganggu, kegiatan pertanian pada umumnya menggunakan pestisida secara rutin diantaranya insektisida organofosfat (OP). Oleh karenanya, para pekerja di sektor pertanian terutama mereka yang bertugas mengaplikasikan pestisida akan terpajan dengan OP dalam jumlah tertentu dan berisiko mengalami dampak kesehatan. Penilaian pajanan bahan kimia atau efeknya dengan mengukur kandungan bahan kimia tersebut, dalam hal ini pajanan OP, dapat dilakukan melalui biomonitoring. Pemilihan biomarker, matrik biologis, dan waktu pengambilan spesimen merupakan faktor penting yang harus direncanakan dengan cermat mengingat bahwa keberadaan biomarker pajanan OP sangat dipengaruhi oleh proses metabolisme toksikan. Mekanisme toksisitas organofosfat (OP) telah diketahui secara luas yaitu berlangsung melalui penghambatan enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE). Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, pemeriksaan pajanan pestisida OP umumnya terbatas pada pemeriksaan asetilkolinesterase (AChE) maupun butirilkolinesterase (BChE) yang memberikan informasi mengenai keberadaan pajanan OP namun tidak secara spesifik menunjukkan agen penyebabnya. Artikel ini membahas informasi mengenai parameter monitoring biologis yang dapat dilakukan untuk menilai pajanan pestisida OP pada pekerja di sektor pertanian.
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35. Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Worldwide distribution of cytochrome P450 alleles: A meta-analysis of population-scale sequencing projects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(4):688-700.
36. Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(1):103-41.
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38. Croom EL, Wallace AD, Hodgson E. Human variation in CYP-specific chlorpyrifos metabolism. Toxicology. 2010;276(3):184-91.
2. Casida JE, Bryant RJ. The ABCs of pesticide toxicology: amounts, biology, and chemistry. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2017;6(6):755-63.
3. Pestisida pertanian dan kehutanan tahun 2016: Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida Kementerian Pertanian RI; 2016. Disitasi dari Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida Kementerian Pertanian RI, pada tanggal 18 Oktober 2020.
4. Hidayat F, Khamidi T, Wiyono S. Pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan petani di Kabupaten Tegal dalam penggunaan pestisida dan kaitannya dengan tingkat keracunan terhadap pestisida. Jurnal Bumi Lestari. 2010;10(1):1-12.
5. Ardiwinata AN, Nursyamsi D. Residu pestisida di sentra produksi padi di Jawa Tengah. Pangan. 2012;21(1):39-58.
6. Dhananjayan V, Ravichandran B. Occupational health risk of farmers exposed to pesticides in agricultural activities. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2018;4:31-7.
7. Ventura C, Nieto MR, Bourguignon N, Lux-Lantos V, Rodriguez H, Cao G, et al. Pesticide chlorpyrifos acts as an endocrine disruptor in adult rats causing changes in mammary gland and hormonal balance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;156:1-9.
8. Shrestha S, Parks CG, Goldner WS, Kamel F, Umbach D, Ward M, et al. Pesticide use and incident hypothyroidism in pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(9):1-12.
9. Gangemi S, Miozzi E, Teodoro M, Briguglio G, De Luca A, Alibrando C, et al. Occupational exposure to pesticides as a possible risk factor for the development of chronic diseases in humans (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2016;14(5):4475-88.
10. Costa LG, Aschner M. Toxicology of pesticides. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences 2014.
11. Langman LJ, Bechtel LK, Meier BM, Holstege C. Clinical toxicology. In: Rifai N, editor. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.
12. Chambers JE, Meek EC, Chambers HW. The Metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides. In: Krieger R, editor. Hayes' handbook of pesticide toxicology. 3rd ed: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2010.
13. Ting D. Findings on the health effects of chlorpyrifos relevant to its identification as a toxic air contaminant. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency; 2017.
14. Foxenberg RJ, Ellison CA, Knaak JB, Ma C, Olson JR. Cytochrome P450-specific human PBPK/PD models for the organophosphorus pesticides: chlorpyrifos and parathion. Toxicology. 2011;285(1-2):57-66.
15. Timchalk C. Organophosphorus insecticide pharmacokinetics. In: Krieger R, editor. Hayes' handbook of pesticide toxicology. 3rd ed: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2010.
16. Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of toxicology. 3rd ed. Klaassen CD, Watkins JB, editors: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2015.
17. WHO. Human biomonitoring: facts and figures. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2015.
18. Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, Bridges J, Buffler P, Costa LG, et al. Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2008;38 Suppl 2:1-125.
19. Jintana S, Sming K, Krongtong Y, Thanyachai S. Cholinesterase activity, pesticide exposure and health impact in a population exposed to organophosphates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82(7):833-42.
20. Dardiotis E, Aloizou AM, Siokas V, Tsouris Z, Rikos D, Marogianni C, et al. Paraoxonase-1 genetic polymorphisms in organophosphate metabolism. Toxicology. 2019;411:24-31.
21. Mackness M, Mackness B. Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1): Gene structure and expression, promiscuous activities and multiple physiological roles. Gene. 2015;567(1):12-21.
22. Kaur G, Jain AK, Singh S. CYP/PON genetic variations as determinant of organophosphate pesticides toxicity. Journal of Genetics. 2017;96(1):187-201.
23. Costa LG, Giordano G, Cole TB, Marsillach J, Furlong CE. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a genetic determinant of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. Toxicology. 2013;307:115-22.
24. Teodoro M, Briguglio G, Fenga C, Costa C. Genetic polymorphisms as determinants of pesticide toxicity: Recent advances. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:564-70.
25. Koshlukova SE, Reed NR. Chlorpyrifos. Encyclopedia of toxicology 2014. p. 930-4.
26. Testai E, Buratti FM, Consiglio ED. Chlorpyrifos. In: Krieger R, editor. Hayes' handbook of pesticide toxicology. 3rd ed: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2010.
27. Therkorn J, Drewry DG, Tiburzi O, Astatke M, Young C, Rainwater-Lovett K. Review of biomarkers and analytical methods for organophosphate pesticides and applicability to nerve agents. mil med. 2020;185(3-4):e414-e21.
28. Wongta A, Sawarng N, Tongchai P, Sutan K, Kerdnoi T, Prapamontol T, et al. The Pesticide exposure of people living in agricultural community, Northern Thailand. J Toxicol. 2018;2018:4168034.
29. Hernandez AF, Lozano-Paniagua D, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Kavvalakis MP, Tzatzarakis MN, Lopez-Flores I, et al. Biomonitoring of common organophosphate metabolites in hair and urine of children from an agricultural community. Environ Int. 2019;131:104997.
30. Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polymorphism and toxicology—with emphasis on cytochrome P450. Toxicological Sciences. 2011;120(1):1-13.
31. Hodgson E, Rose RL. The importance of cytochrome P450 2B6 in the human metabolism of environmental chemicals. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113(2):420-8.
32. Liao P-Y, Lee KH. From SNPs to functional polymorphism: The insight into biotechnology applications. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2010;49(2):149-58.
33. Sunay SZ, Kayaalti Z, Bayrak T, Soylemezoglu T. Effect of paraoxonase 1 192 Q/R polymorphism on paraoxonase and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities in a Turkish population exposed to organophosphate. Toxicol Ind Health. 2015;31(12):1061-8.
34. Peck EC, Eaton DL. Genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to pesticides. In: Krieger R, editor. Hayes' handbook of pesticide toxicology. 3rd ed: Elsevier Science & Technology; 2010.
35. Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Worldwide distribution of cytochrome P450 alleles: A meta-analysis of population-scale sequencing projects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(4):688-700.
36. Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(1):103-41.
37. Crane AL, Klein K, Zanger UM, Olson JR. Effect of CYP2B6*6 and CYP2C19*2 genotype on chlorpyrifos metabolism. Toxicology. 2012;293(1-3):115-22.
38. Croom EL, Wallace AD, Hodgson E. Human variation in CYP-specific chlorpyrifos metabolism. Toxicology. 2010;276(3):184-91.
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Published
2021-05-01
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Liem, J. F. (2021). Biomonitoring Pajanan Pestisida Organofosfat pada Pekerja Pertanian. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 27(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.36452/jkdoktmeditek.v27i1.1967
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Copyright (c) 2021 Jen Fuk Liem
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